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Class 7, 8Hard📐 grammarNCERT · CBSE

Jaśtva Sandhi — Voicing of Final Consonants

जश्त्व संधि

Hard Consonants Before Vowels and Voiced Consonants Become Voiced · Class 7-8

Key Points to Remember

▸Jaśtva = voicing — hard consonants become voiced before voiced sounds
▸k→g | c→j | ṭ→ḍ | t→d | p→b (before vowels and voiced consonants)
▸Vāgīśa (lord of speech) = vāk + īśa — k→g before vowel
▸Sadguṇa (virtue) = sat + guṇa — t→d before g

Grammar Explained

Jaśtva Sandhi (named from Pāṇini's code "jaś") applies when a word ends in a hard (unvoiced, unaspirated) consonant — k, c, ṭ, t, p — and the next word begins with a vowel or a voiced consonant. The final consonant becomes its voiced equivalent: k→g, c→j, ṭ→ḍ, t→d, p→b.

Final k → g before vowel or voiced consonant

क् → ग् (before vowel or voiced consonant)

वाक् + ईश → वागीश

vāk + īśa → vāgīśa

speech + lord = lord of speech (Bṛhaspati, deity of eloquence)

वाक् + देवी → वाग्देवी

vāk + devī → vāgdevī

speech + goddess = goddess of speech (Sarasvatī)

Final ṭ → ḍ before vowel or voiced consonant

ट् → ड् (before vowel or voiced consonant)

षट् + आनन → षडानन

ṣaṭ + ānana → ṣaḍānana

six + faced = six-faced (name of Kārttikeya)

Final t → d before vowel or voiced consonant

त् → द् (before vowel or voiced consonant)

सत् + आचार → सदाचार

sat + ācāra → sadācāra

true/good + conduct = good conduct

सत् + गुण → सद्गुण

sat + guṇa → sadguṇa

true + virtue = good quality, virtue

Exercises (2)

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Apply Jaśtva Sandhi

1. वाक् + देवी = ?

Show answer

वाग्देवी (vāgdevī — k→g before d)

2. सत् + गुण = ?

Show answer

सद्गुण (sadguṇa — t→d before g)

3. षट् + आनन = ?

Show answer

षडानन (ṣaḍānana — ṭ→ḍ before ā)

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

Choose the correct answer

1. In Jaśtva Sandhi, k becomes:

A. gB. jC. ḍD. d

Show answer

2. "Sadācāra" (good conduct) is formed from:

A. sāt + ācāraB. sat + ācāraC. sa + ācāraD. sad + ācāra

Show answer

sat + ācāra

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